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Hypertrophy
Growth in the size of muscle fibers, driven primarily by mechanical tension from resistance training plus adequate protein and recovery.
Progressive Overload
Gradually increasing the demand on a muscle over time — more weight, reps, or sets — so it keeps adapting. The core driver of long-term progress.
Mechanical Tension
The force a muscle produces under load. It's considered the primary stimulus for hypertrophy, especially with challenging sets taken near failure.
RIR (Reps In Reserve)
How many more reps you could have done before failure. Training at 0–3 RIR is the common effective range for muscle growth.
RPE (Rate of Perceived Exertion)
A 1–10 scale of how hard a set felt. RPE 8 roughly equals 2 RIR. Used to autoregulate training day to day.
Autoregulation
Adjusting your training load or volume based on how you're actually performing/recovering that day, rather than following fixed numbers rigidly.
Volume
Total work done, usually counted as hard sets per muscle per week. More volume generally means more growth up to a point of diminishing returns.
MPS (Muscle Protein Synthesis)
The process of building new muscle protein. Training and protein feedings raise MPS; when it exceeds breakdown over time, muscle grows.
TDEE (Total Daily Energy Expenditure)
All the calories you burn in a day — resting metabolism plus activity and digestion. Eat below it to lose fat, above it to gain.
BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)
Calories your body burns at complete rest to keep basic functions running. The largest single component of TDEE for most people.
Caloric Surplus / Deficit
Eating more (surplus) or fewer (deficit) calories than you burn. A deficit drives fat loss; a modest surplus supports muscle gain.
Macros
The three macronutrients — protein, carbohydrate, and fat — that make up your calories. Protein is prioritized for muscle and satiety.
Recomposition
Losing fat and gaining muscle at roughly the same time. Most achievable for beginners, those returning from a layoff, or higher body-fat individuals.
Deload
A planned lighter week of reduced volume or intensity to let fatigue dissipate so you can push hard again afterward.
1RM (One-Rep Max)
The most weight you can lift for a single rep. Often estimated from higher-rep sets and used to set training percentages.
Time Under Tension
How long a muscle is under load during a set. Controlling the lowering (eccentric) phase can increase it, though total effort still matters most.
Eccentric / Concentric
The lowering phase (eccentric, muscle lengthening) and lifting phase (concentric, muscle shortening) of a rep. Eccentrics are strongly linked to growth and soreness.
DOMS (Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness)
The soreness that peaks 24–72 hours after unfamiliar training. It signals novelty, not growth — you don't need soreness to build muscle.
Stretch-Mediated Hypertrophy
Emerging evidence that training a muscle hard in its lengthened position may enhance growth. Promising but still an active research area.
Interference Effect
The way heavy concurrent endurance training can blunt strength/size gains if volume and timing aren't managed. Usually minor for typical lifters.
V-Taper
The aesthetic look of broad shoulders/lats tapering to a narrow waist. Driven by delt and back development plus a lean midsection; frame width is partly genetic.
Wolff's Law
The principle that bone remodels in response to the loads placed on it. Real for adaptive loading like lifting — not a justification for the dangerous "bonesmashing" trend.
Maintenance Volume
The minimum weekly training needed to keep the muscle you've built, useful during busy periods or deloads.
Nutrient Timing
When you eat relative to training. Total daily intake matters most; timing (like protein spread across the day) offers smaller, secondary benefits.
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